S. T. A. L. K. E. R. is a video game series developed by GSC Game World.
The games takes place in the Chornobyl Exclusion Zone(Zone).
In our world, in 1986, there was a disaster at the Chornobyl Nuclear Power Plant(CNPP).
In the S. T. A. L. K. E. R. universe however, there was another explosion in 2006.
Because of the second disaster, in the Zone died the military that was staying there.
It became obvious that the Zone should be quarantined, since people from the excursions didn't return.
Those who did return, reported that they saw some kind of creatures,
looking like mutated animals, humans and unidentifiable creatures.
There were also reported to be anomalies: unexplainable matter that defines laws of physics.
In those anomalies were also found artifacts: mutated objects(organic matter, minerals etc.). They cost a lot of money.
As a result of discovery of artifacts, a lot of people came in the zone, with their own idealities and goals.
Eventually the different people that came to the zone, started forming groups, also called factions.
There are a total of 15 factions: 10 uncut from the original trilogy, 2 cut
and at least 3 more in the upcoming S. T. A. L. K. E. R. 2.
This table(sort of) shortly explains all of the uncut factions in the original trilogy.